Applied Sciences Research Periodicals

Evaluation of the Biogas Generation Potential of the “San Miguel De Los Junos” Sanitary Landfill in the City of Santa Cruz De La Sierra (Bolivia)

Oscar Angel Nogales Escalera — Mon, 20 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The sanitary burial of the organic matter fraction of urban solid waste in a sanitary landfill generates biogas, whose main components include Methane (CH4), which is a gas with a high calorific value and therefore can be used as an alternative renewable energy source. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the potential for biogas generation that can be used as CH4. To evaluate theoretically, there are different mathematical methods, among then the FOD model of the IPCC (2006). This model was applied to the case of the San Miguel de los Junos landfill in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia), with a projection of 30 years of its useful life and another 16 years after its closure operations. The model was fed with a methane generation index (k) equal to 0.15 and a methane generation potential (L0) equal to 86,1 m3/T; both parameters calculated for the specific case studied. The results obtained by the model in the sum of the 46 years projected with and amount of 32,414,881 T buried, stablish a total volume of 2,934,048,516 m3 of Methane. This volume allows envisioning a technical, economic and environmental feasibility, for its possible energy use. This paper was presented at the XXXVIIII AIDIS Congress in the Dominican Republic in 2.022.

Manifestation of Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equivalence when the Particles Travel Near the Speed of Light

Ravi Kumar Chanana — Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This brief review mainly highlights the manifestations of Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence in the differential form when the particle travels near the speed of light. It is shown that this mass-energy equivalence is possible because of the mathematical relation between a particle and a particle as a wave.

The Role of Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) in Strengthening Community Engagement for Energy Infrastructure Development in Indonesia

Bambang Tri Sasongko Adi — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This article examines the role of Environmental and Social Management Systems (ESMS) in enhancing risk governance and community engagement within Indonesia’s energy-infrastructure sector. Drawing on comparative document analysis and interpretive synthesis, the study explores how ESMS frameworks—particularly those aligned with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards—contribute to institutionalizing environmental and social accountability. The findings reveal that while ESMS adoption has advanced, implementation remains fragmented and often compliance-driven. Integration with Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) systems and the development of participatory grievance mechanisms emerge as critical enablers for building community trust and achieving long-term project legitimacy. The study further highlights that effective ESMS performance depends not only on technical rigor but also on relational factors such as transparency, inclusivity, and responsiveness. Policy recommendations include mainstreaming ESMS principles into Indonesia’s national regulatory frameworks, strengthening institutional capacity for social-performance management, and establishing multi-stakeholder monitoring platforms. By reframing ESMS as a collaborative governance instrument, the article underscores its potential to transform the energy sector from compliance-centered practice toward trust-based, socially legitimate sustainability.

Manifestation of Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equivalence

Ravi Kumar Chanana — Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This brief review mainly highlights the new manifestations of Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence in the differential form based on the author’s research. The older established demonstrations are also mentioned briefly to give a wholesome picture of all the manifestations of the mass-energy equivalence principle.

Hepatitis BScreening and Immunization Status among Gambian Healthcare Workers - A Pilot Study

Abdoulie B Badjie — Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This pilot study, conducted at Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital in The Gambia, assessed Hepatitis B immunity and vaccination coverage among 70 healthcare workers, revealing significant gaps in protection despite occupational exposure risks. Although 60% of individuals reported receiving at least one HBV vaccine dose, only 40% demonstrated immunity, and 65.5% of vaccinated individuals lacked protective antibodies. Older workers (42+ years) were disproportionately unvaccinated (60%), and overall HBV prevalence was 4.29%, rising to 7.1% among the unvaccinated. The study underscores the urgent need for systematic HBV screening, targeted vaccination, and post-vaccination monitoring to improve healthcare worker safety and reduce transmission.

Using Lot Quality Assessment Survey (LQAS) to Evaluate the Quality of Polio Outbreak Response (OBR) Campaigns Across Implementing States in Nigeria

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This abstract introduces the findings from the application Lot Quality Assessment Survey (LQAS) conducted to evaluate the quality of five (5) different Polio Outbreak Response campaigns conducted across Nigerian states in the year 2024. During the period under review, five (5) rounds of LQAS were conductedafter the implementation of Outbreak Response (OBR) campaigns in March, April, September, October, and November 2024, where 1,262 Local Government Areas (LGAs), also referred to as LOTS, were surveyed. Among these figures, 132 LGAs (Lots), which represent 10.4% of the LGAs (Lots), did not meet the established quality benchmarks, highlighting the actual areas that require urgent intervention. The LQAS methodology has helped program managers identify the specific LGAs (Lots) that need revaccination activities, thereby optimizing resource allocation and campaign effectiveness across the board. The analysis conducted on the LQAS data has helped in identifying the main reasons why missed vaccinations take place, and these have resulted in 41.80% child absence, household not visited by the vaccination teams at 30.73%, non-compliance cases at 25.62%, security concerns at 1.34% and children not yet born stand at 1,09%. The insight provided by the LQAS data informed targeted strategies to address gaps in the Polio Immunization coverage. Overall, the findings from the LQAS proved to be a valuable monitoring tool that helped in supporting data-driven decision making and enhancing the overall quality and impact of Polio OBR campaigns in the effort to achieve cVPV2 virus eradication goals in Nigeria.

Dream Code: Unlocking Your Next Level — Exploring Motivation, Impact, and Educational Implications

Rene` Level — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Dream Code: Unlocking Your Next Level is a poetry collection by Dr. Rene’ Level intended to inspire personal growth, self‑belief, and transformative action. This article examines the motivations behind the writing of the book, the dynamics of its launch event, and early responses from readers and attendees. Using qualitative methods—including interviews, event observations, and survey feedback—findings reveal themes of empowerment, hope, and community engagement. The book launch acted as a catalyst for collective reflection and intention-setting. Implications are discussed for educators and community leaders seeking to integrate poetry and creative expression into empowerment programs.

The Application of Building Information Modeling Tools in Decreasing Energy Consumption in Sustainable Architecture (A Case Study of University Buildings)

Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Over the past few years, more and more people have been showing an interest in nonrenewable natural resources. Among such resources, the ones used to generate electricity are at the top of the list. The reason for this is pretty simple: the electricity production system as a whole is very detrimental to the environment. Studies have shown that non-eco-friendly buildings (i.e., those that aren't designed with passive solar heating and cooling in mind) account for a big chunk of that electricity. The technological advancements and the surging need for them in many areas have made engineering and construction change. They are needed in a range of industries and skills. Now more than ever before, a lot of construction specialties have to use, or at least have to be very familiar with a lot of computer-based software to carry out their jobs well. In particular, building design specialties especially in the area of structural engineering have to use a lot of computer-based engineering and drafting software now. Revit, Autodesk's software, was employed to build a three-dimensional, true-to-life model. This research project explores using Building Information Modeling (BIM) for energy analysis in a housing context, to examine the design of a house that is not only aesthetically pleasing but also energy-efficient.

Role of Leadership Style in Project Success a Case Study of Development Projects

Khalid Ismail Ali — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The success of development projects largely depends on effective leadership, yet many projects worldwide continue to fail, resulting in significant financial and operational losses. Leadership style plays a critical role in influencing project outcomes by shaping team performance, resource utilization, and stakeholder satisfaction. Despite the extensive global literature on leadership and project management, there is limited empirical evidence from Somaliland, particularly in Hargeisa, where development projects are increasingly implemented. This study seeks to critically examine the role of leadership style in the success of development projects in Hargeisa. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting a population of 80 respondents, including program managers, project managers, project officers, administration officers, and finance officers. Using Slovene’s formula, a purposive sample of 63 participants was selected. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, complemented by secondary sources such as books, reports, and published studies. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in data analysis, with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings from this study are expected to provide insights into the understanding of leadership in project management, identify the most effective leadership styles for project success, highlight essential leadership skills, and explore key challenges in managing development projects in Hargeisa. The research contributes to filling the literature gap in the local context, while offering practical recommendations for policymakers, project managers, and development organizations to improve leadership practices and enhance project success rates.

Renormalizing the Mass and the Electric Charge of the Electron (The Mystery of the Heavy Mass of the Muon)

Hoa van Nguyen — Mon, 20 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

In this article we will discuss the renormalization of the mass and the electric charge of the extended electron in the interaction of the electron with the external fields. Originally, the renormalization procedure was introduced in the decades 20’s and 30’s of 20th century as a mathematical process used to remove infinity terms in the calculations in quantum mechanics (Section 3). But now many contemporary physicists have used the term “ renormalization” in a simpler meaning: it simply means modification or adjustment of the original mass or electric charge of the electron by a dimensionless factor, called renormalizing factor (Section 4). The article contains 10 sections: Section 1: Old concept of mass and charge: the mass of the electron varies with velocity, while its electric charge is a fundamental constant of physics. Section 2: Contemporary concept: physicists maintain that the mass of the electron is invariant in all physical conditions, while its electric charge varies with velocity and external field. Section 3: Renormalization of mass is problematic. Section 4: Renormalization of electric charge is innovative. Section 5: Search for the renormalizing factor for the electric charge. Section 6: Renormalizing Lorentzian force (FL) and Newtonian force (FN). Section 7: A thought experiment to demonstrate the variability of the electric charge. Section 8: The mystery of the heavy mass of the muon. Section 9: The controversial concept of time dilation. Section 10: The field reaction does not exist physically.

Electrical Properties of Silicon Nanowire MOS Device

Ravi Kumar Chanana — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

In this research article, the electrical properties of a 1nm diameter Silicon nanowire MOSFET are calculated utilizing the universal mass-energy equivalence relation for the semiconductors to find the intrinsic Fermi energy level in the bandgap below the Silicon conduction band. The conduction band offset, Fowler-Nordheim electron tunnelling onset field, leakage current density in the oxide at FN onset field, the electrical oxide breakdown field, the total interface trap density, and the average channel electron mobility are all surveyed and calculated theoretically. The determined properties suggest robustness of the SiNW MOS device.

Comparative Cytomorphological Analysis on Liquid PRFs Produced with DUO Fixed Angle Centrifuge and Oscillating Centrifuge

Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Background: Liquid PRF is an injectable second-generation platelet concentrate rich in platelets, leukocytes, and fibrinogen obtained by centrifugation of autologous blood. Methods: This study aimed to analyze the cellular and fibrinogen content of various types of liquid PRF (C-PRF liquid, A-PRF liquid, i-PRF, liquid fibrinogen) obtained using a swinging centrifuge with Vacumed FL tubes (code 44909) compared to that obtained with a fixed-angle centrifuge DUO and the original S-PRF Sticky tube. This study found that the average accumulation of thrombocytes was approximately 1.5 times higher than that observed in whole blood. Due to the high concentration of platelets and leukocytes, liquid PRFs contain important growth factors for tissue regeneration. Results: In this definitive study we have highlighted that with the use of the Oscillating centrifuge, the type of Liquid PRF with the highest content of Platelets (133.1% vs 122.9%) is the A-PRF liquid (1300 rpm × 5'), the one with the highest content of Monocytes (142.9% vs 125.0%), with a sufficient content of Lymphocytes (220.0% vs 198.7%), Neutrophil Granulocytes (54.0% vs 58.8%) and Fibrinogen (97.1% vs 104.3%), is the i-PRF (700 rpm × 5 min) obtained with the Vacumed FL tube (code 44909) with statistically insignificant differences compared to those obtained with the S-PRF Sticky test tube, while the content of Fibrinogen present in C-PRF (2500 rpm × 8') is higher (104.0% vs 106.5%) obtained with the with S-PRF Sticky tube with a significant difference (p=0.013). Cellular score was also calculated, finding that the type of liquid PRF with the highest score was i-PRF (700 rpm × 5’) extracted with a Vacumed FL tube in a rocking centrifuge (127.17%). Conclusions: Values were significantly higher than those obtained with the Fixed Angle Centrifuge and with the S-PRF Sticky tube. However, when calculating the cellular score, the highest result, equal to 127.2%, was obtained with i-PRF (700 rpm × 5’) with Vacumed FL tube and Oscillating Centrifuge.

Chromium and Fluorine Insolubilize Agents and a Treatment Method on Biomass Incinerated Ash

Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Biomass incinerated ash sometimes contains hazardous substances such as hexavalent chromium and fluorine, which poses an obstacle to recycling. In order to remove or insolubilize these harmful substances, aqueous solution of Iron (II) sulfate and mixed solution of sulfuric acid and calcium hydrogen phosphate were added to the incineration ash. In order to thoroughly detoxify the ash, we devised a method in which an excessive amount of treatment liquid is added to the ash, and the surplus water generated is used for monitoring or reused as treatment water. This made it possible to reduce the harmful substances in the ash to below the environmental standard value in a short time.

A Gravimetric Method for the Determination of Total Silica as SiO2 Content in Ultra Temp 516-T Sample by ASTM Method

Yusuf Yildiz, Alyssa Bitar, Thaim Evan English — Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The silica content, expressed as a percentage by the mass of SiO₂. ASTM-D-501 Gravimetric Method Section 51. Standard Method specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of the silica content of ceramacoat thinner. This gravimetric test method covers procedures for the chemical analysis of silica content (SiO₂) in Ceramacoat 512-T Thinner. In this study. Percent silica content has been determined successfully. The results of the gravimetrically determination of silica in Ceramacoat sample were %23.63, and %23.37 in respectively. Percent Standard Deviation is % 1.56.

Determination of the Effect of Malaria Parasite in Pregnant Women Attending Selected Health Facilities in Port Harcourt, Rivers State

Isomah, Chiladi Jeff, Adamu Kabiru, Amadi-wali Owhorchukwu, Abiye Chiladi Isomah — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The study which aimed at determining the effect of malaria on pregnancy was conducted among pregnant women using peripheral blood and microscopy in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State.. The study was carried out between September 2022 and November 2022. A total of three hundred pregnant women were sampled for malaria parasites infection using thick and thin film smears. The result showed a prevalence of 21.66% (65/300). It was found that women in their first pregnancy had the highest prevalence of 35.0% (35/100) with age range of 26 – 30 years. Highest prevalence of 11.66% (35/300) was also recorded among women in their first trimester. Haematological parameters were analyzed using standard methods. Overall, the moderate reduction in haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume (PCV) in patients were higher in second and third trimester than the first trimester with a lower level (p>0.05). There was no significant differences observed in the subjects with respect to the trimesters. There was a significant rise in neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes in all subjects irrespective of the trimester. The raised neutrophils count is attributed to febrile conditions that accompanies malaria especially in pregnant women. It is deduced that most of the cases of malaria observed from the study is due to unverified presence of malaria parasite at the time of antenatal registration. In line with this, it is therefore recommended that pregnant women adhere to prophylasis where necessary to reduce the possible effects of malaria in pregnancy. There is also need for people need for public enlightenment periodically.

A Revised Version of the Theory of the Extended Electron (Anti-Particles of Dirac and Majorana)

Hoa van Nguyen — Mon, 20 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This theory proposes an extended model of the electron based on the image of the screened electron in the concept of vacuum polarization of QED. The extended electron consists of a negatively charged core (- q₀) which is surrounded by an assembly (an aggregation) of tiny static electric dipoles (-q, +q). When subjected to an external field, electromagnetic forces are produced on these point charges to give rise to various properties of the electron. Three major properties of the electron that will be explored in this theory are: -the effective electric charge of the electron, -the mechanism of the spin of the electron, -the mechanism of radiation of the electron. The investigation of these properties leads to various innovative explanations for the generation of anti- particle, the orbital of the electron, the strong nuclear forces between nucleons … Other topics are also listed in the following content: Content: The electric charge of the extended electron is an effective one: it changes by the action of its velocity and the applying field. The purpose of this article is to present some consequences which are related to the effectiveness of the electric charge of the electron. Section 1: Introduction: the extended model of the electron. Section 2: Recall of the electric force Fe to explain the generation of anti-particles. Section 3: The correlation between v and ε. Section 4: The orbital of the electron in the electric field of the hydrogen atom. Section 5: The strong forces between nucleons. Section 6: Fractional charge vs charge quantization. Sections 7 & 8: The upper limits: c and W of translational and rotational motions. Section 9: Discussion on different models of the electron and the impact on the Coulomb' law. Section 10: Overall conclusion. Appendix: A. Magnetic force Fm produced on the extended electron. B. The permittivity ε and the permeability µ of the extended electron.

Design of a Portable and Low-Cost Power Supply for Laboratory Projects Using the Switch-Mode Method

Samuel Yemoh Tetteh-Abaku, Calvin Kwesi Gafrey — Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Ghana is growing increasingly concerned about regular power outages. This issue occasionally impacts laboratory research, practical work, and experimentation. Additionally, it hinders research projects and students' academic advancement. The purpose of this project is to design and construct a dual power supply for laboratory instruments which uses a 12V battery as the source of input energy. This project consists of a combination of set-up circuit, double-ended Push-Pull (dc-ac) and Boost (dc-dc) converter with switching element made up of bipolar transistors are switched 'on' and 'off using PWM controller CD4047 with switching frequencies of 50 Hz and 1 KHz.The converter operates from a 12V battery providing output power at 250 V (2A) AC and 12V (2A) DC. A double-ended Push-Pull converter receives energy from the input source when the switch is 'on' and then pumps energy into the primary windings of the transformer. Energy flows from the input winding to the transformer output winding when the switch is 'off. The isolation transformer converts the de-input to AC output. Boost converter is a de-de converter, designed without a transformer or inductor; it allows the output voltage to be greater than the input voltage. The method is similar to that of a double-ended Push-Pull converter. The developed dual power supply, no-load AC output produces 250 volts with zero current and 237 V- 238 V, on-load with a current of 0. 18 A to 0.19 A respectively depending on the load. The de-de converter output produced values from 0-12V for the input of 8V to 12V. The power supply that has been developed is highly beneficial for domestic, laboratory, and research purposes.