Advances in Social Sciences and Management

Ramsey's Biconceptual Probability versus de Finetti's Radical Probabilism

Mirta L. González — 2026-11-09

The decline of the 'doctrine of the association of ideas' in the 19th century resulted in the deepening of the differences between the subjectivist and objectivist interpretations of probability until they became incompatible. The formalisation of this controversy materialised with the emergence of the concept of 'personal probability' by Ramsey and de Finetti, who, while agreeing on the need for a 'logic of the probable', put forward different proposals: Ramsey's proposal was founded on a thorough critique of the Keynesian interpretation, while de Finetti's approach adopted a clearly anti-frequentist character. A detailed analysis of this controversy led to the conclusion that de Finetti's increasingly dogmatic position deepened this conceptual divorce and led Ramsey to the objective definition of 'chance' and in a return to the theory of the association of ideas, to adopt a “biconceptual” vision, which postulates two combined interpretations of probability, one based on the theory of propensities and another, subjectivist, understood as a degree of belief.

An Analysis of the Cognitive Motivations of English Idioms Containing the Verb “Break”

Vy Thuy Thi Pham — 2026-11-09

This study examines the cognitive motivations underlying English idioms containing the verb break, drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and conceptual metonymy. It investigates the semantic domains represented by these idioms, their figurative mechanisms and grammatical patterns, and the conceptual mappings that motivate their figurative meanings. Adopting a corpus-based descriptive and analytical design, the study examines 20 idioms identified through cross-referencing three established idiom dictionaries and screening them according to criteria of semantic non-compositionality, conventionality, and usage frequency. Qualitative cognitive-linguistic analysis is supplemented by frequency data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The findings classify the idioms into nine semantic categories. Conceptual metaphor accounts for 18 expressions, whereas two are analyzed primarily in terms of metonymic relationships. The analysis identifies recurring conceptual patterns linking physical disruption to abstract experiences, including social interaction, emotional states, institutional norms, and achievement. The idiom break a leg represents a distinctive case whose conventional meaning is not readily explained by the principal mappings identified in the dataset. The findings suggest that many break idioms can be understood through systematic conceptual relationships grounded in physical experience, although conventional usage and cultural knowledge also contribute to their interpretation. The study provides a structured account of this verb-based idiom set and discusses how cognitive-linguistic analysis may inform idiom instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts.

Artificial Intelligence and Maritime Domain Awareness: Enhancing Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea

Nana Raymond Ofosu-Boateng — 2026-11-13

The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) has turned into one of the most hazardous sections of water globally for piracy, armed robbery, and crude oil theft. While states and their allies have expanded their patrol fleets and radar and Automatic Identification System (AIS) networks, large programs like Nigeria’s Deep Blue Project and Falcon Eye usually concentrate on the radar and command networks they offer. This conceptual paper explores how adding an AI- and ML- based analysis layer to existing maritime domain awareness (MDA) in the region would supplement current capabilities. By leveraging technical papers that focus on anomaly detection for AIS, trajectory prediction via deep learning, and detecting vessels that do not transmit AIS with satellite radar, in combination with research focusing on security and law, a four-layer data fusion model is proposed. Barriers that limit the applicability of such models in the region of West and Central Africa are then presented. Some of these are: insufficient and unreliable data, inadequate information sharing between countries, and uncertainty in the application of laws to evidence produced by algorithms. There are also limitations with the institutions. We are of the opinion that AI enhanced MDA has the potential to move regional maritime security from proactive patrol to risk-informed enforcement if the above obstacles are addressed. The article is finalized with suggestions for the policy and maritime defense communities, and the research community.