Global Research in Environment and Sustainability

Mineralization of Nutrients Following Application of NPK Green and Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass in Bekenu Series Soil

Mohd Hasyrin Hassan — 2025-11-19

The integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers is essential to improve the fertility of highly weathered tropical acid soils. Soil incubation study was conducted to evaluate the mineralization of nutrients in Bekenu Series soil following the application of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass in combination with NPK Green fertilizer. Results showed that combined BSFL frass and NPK Green treatments (SFN1–SFN9) significantly increased soil pH from 4.21 to 5.67–6.18, whereas BSFL frass alone slightly reduced soil pH. The highest cation exchange capacity (10.87 cmol(+) kg⁻¹) was recorded in SFN5, contributing to improved nutrient retention and balanced electrical conductivity. Organic matter content ranged from 5.80% to 16.30%, with higher mineralization observed in SF3 (16.30%), SFN3 (11.34%), and SFN4 (14.19). Phosphorus availability was enhanced particularly in SFN4, SFN1, SFN7, and SFN8. Treatments such as SFN2, SFN3, SFN4, SFN7, and SFN8 improved soil pH, nutrient availability, and overall agronomic properties. Exchangeable Al³⁺, H⁺, and Zn²⁺ remained below toxic thresholds, although slight increases were noted as soil pH declined over time. These findings highlight the potential of BSFL frass, particularly when integrated with NPK Green, to enhance nutrient mineralization and improve the fertility status of Bekenu Series soil.

Analysis of Monsoonal Rainfall Patterns and Anomalies using NASA POWER Data and the Mann-Kendall Test in Northeast India

Thejanguno Peseyie — 2025-11-19

Understanding the variability of monsoonal rainfall is vital for assessing climatic patterns and their implications on agriculture and water resources in Northeast India—a region characterized by complex topography and high rainfall variability. This study investigates long-term trends and anomalies in rainfall across Northeast India using NASA POWER (DAV) point-based precipitation data. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test, ITA and Sen’s slope estimator were applied to detect and quantify monotonic trends and sub-trends in rainfall time series, while rainfall anomalies were computed to assess monsoonal rainfall variability. Results indicate spatial variation, with increasing monsoon rainfall trends observed in the northeastern states as per the statistical analysis and ITA plot. While the monsoonal rainfall anomalies shows both wet and dry periods amongst the states indicating the variation of rainfall patterns in the region. These findings can further enhance understanding of regional rainfall dynamics and provide a scientific basis for improving climate adaptation and water resource management in Northeast India.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Nasarawa West, Nigeria: Physicochemical Parameters, Seasonal Variation, and Water Quality Index Evaluation

C. Chris-Onoh — 2025-12-18

Groundwater quality in rural communities of Nasarawa West Senatorial District, Nigeria was assessed through physicochemical analysis and Water Quality Index (WQI) computation. Fifty water samples from boreholes and hand-dug wells across five Local Government Areas (LGAs) (Karu, Keffi, Kokona, Nasarawa, Toto) were collected in dry and wet seasons. Key parameters (pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, hardness) were measured and compared to World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard (NSDWQ) guidelines. Results indicate slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.1–6.8) and moderate mineral content (TDS 149–426 mg/L in wet season boreholes) within permissible limits, but turbidity and nutrient levels varied widely by location and water source. Seasonal trends were evident: rainfall dilution improved some water quality parameters (e.g. nitrates and TDS in certain LGAs), whereas others experienced contamination spikes (e.g. Toto well turbidity). The computed WQI revealed all borehole sources as “Good” quality (WQI < 50) year-round except Toto’s boreholes, which were marginally poorer (WQI ~58 68). In contrast, shallow hand-dug wells often showed oor to unsuitable quality (WQI > 100), especially during the dry season in Nasarawa (WQI 461) and the wet season in Toto (WQI 887). Spatially, water quality challenges were most severe in Nasarawa and Toto LGAs, whereas Karu, Keffi, and Kokona fared better. The discussion interprets these findings in the context of sustainable development goal 6 (SDG-6) for safe water, highlighting how rural groundwater sources remain vulnerable to seasonal and anthropogenic influences. We recommend prioritizing borehole development, protecting wellheads from contamination, and regular monitoring to improve drinking water safety in the study area.

Environmental Resource Conflicts in Bui Division of Cameroon

Ignatius Wozhi — 2025-12-23

Environmental conflicts in the world are very ubiquitous and arise from incompatibilities over the use and control of land resources that portray deterministic propensities. These conflicts in Bui Division are linked to inequality in resource distribution and conflicting claims over fluid and fuzzy boundaries. The study aims to identify environmental resource conflicts triggers and plausible stakeholder mitigation options in Bui Division. Historical and survey research designs were used to obtain primary and secondary data. Semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to obtain information from 504 households and institutions from 10% of the population. This was complemented by secondary data sources from published and unpublished documents. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Findings revealed multiple environmental resource conflicts including inter-tribal (57.1%), land use (47.2%), farmer-grazer (66.7%) and human-wildlife (10.3%). These conflicts are concentrated in areas of resource scarcity and abundance. The causality factors depict an overlap of complex phenomenon of contest over resources and claims over fluid boundaries, amidst multiple land use practices. Multi-stakeholders/sectorial interventions and remaking of land resource boundaries are salient efforts to reversing the trends of endemic conflicts. This study posits that participatory collaboration efforts are commendable in holistically resolving conflicts, with commonplace signatures seen on the general welfare of communities valued and preserved through environmental resource exploitation activities.