Empowering Communities Through Effective Participation in Environmental and Social Impact Assessments

Abstract

This article explores the critical role of community participation within the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process by juxtaposing global best practices with Indonesia’s current experience. While Indonesia has established legal frameworks to promote public engagement—such as Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021—practical implementation continues to face key obstacles including limited public awareness, inadequate capacity-building efforts, and under-utilisation of technological tools. International evidence from jurisdictions such as Canada, Kenya, and the EU highlights how early, inclusive stakeholder engagement, hybrid digital-offline participation platforms, and sustained capacity support contribute to more transparent, equitable, and effective ESIA processes. In Indonesia, although there are emerging examples of stronger consultation and community feedback integration, these remain unevenly applied across the country. The article reviews these barriers and highlights best practice cases, then presents a set of targeted strategies for enhancing community involvement—namely, strengthening legal and institutional mandates, deploying technology for broader and hybrid engagement, investing in community capacity and awareness, and promoting ongoing transparency and participatory monitoring. By advancing these approaches, Indonesia has the opportunity to transform community participation from a procedural requirement into meaningful empowerment, thereby improving environmental decision-making and supporting sustainable, inclusive development outcomes.