Mass from Newton’s Particle to Einstein’s Quantum

Abstract

In massive free particles the square of Relativistic energy, E’2 = p2c2 + mo2c4/h2 divides into two: relativistic momentum p=m’vg and rest mass mo (where c is the speed of light and h is Planck’s constant}. The rest mass is a function of phase velocity vp; the momentum a function of group velocity vg. In each mass component, mo and (m’-mo) the velocity dependence is exclusive. This consequence of their formulations defines their functions in mass, in internal motion, in intrinsic spin, in superconductivity, in wavefunction collapse, in conservation laws such as momentum, spin, etc.