Preparing Manuscript

Prepare Manuscript

A standard research manuscript should normally contain:

• Title page
• Abstract and keywords
• Main text
• References
• Tables and figures
• Required declarations
• Supplementary materials, where applicable

Title

The title should be concise, specific, informative, and representative of the research. Avoid unnecessary abbreviations, formulae, jargon, and overly broad claims.

The title should allow readers and indexing services to understand the principal subject of the article.

Author Information

The title page should provide:

• full name of each author;
• institutional affiliation;
• department or academic unit, where relevant;
• city and country;
• institutional or professional email address where appropriate;
• ORCID iD, preferably for all authors where available; and
• identification of the corresponding author.

Authors should use consistent institutional affiliations. Changes to authorship after submission are subject to the journal's authorship policy.

Abstract

Research articles should normally include an abstract of 150–250 words.

The abstract should provide a concise overview of the study, including its purpose, approach, main findings, and overall contribution or implications, as appropriate.

The abstract should be self-contained and understandable without reference to the main article. It should not normally include citations, references, tables, figures, or unexplained abbreviations.

Keywords

Provide 4–6 keywords or key phrases that accurately represent the article.

Authors should select terms that reflect the principal concepts, methods, populations, contexts, or phenomena examined in the research. Keywords should not simply repeat every significant word in the title.

Main Text

The structure of the manuscript should be appropriate to the research design, methodology, and article type. Authors should organize their work in a clear and logical manner, using appropriate headings and subheadings.

For empirical research, authors may consider the following structure where appropriate:

1. Introduction
   Introduce the research topic, context, objectives or research questions, and the contribution of the study.
2. Literature Review / Theoretical Background
   Discuss relevant scholarship, establish the conceptual or theoretical basis of the study, and identify the research gap where applicable.
3. Methodology
   Describe the research design, data or sources, methods, and analytical procedures with sufficient detail to support assessment of the study's rigor and appropriateness.
4. Results / Findings
   Present the main findings clearly and objectively, distinguishing the reporting of results from their interpretation where appropriate.
5. Discussion
   Interpret the findings in relation to relevant literature, theory, and the objectives or research questions of the study. Implications may be discussed where relevant.
6. Conclusion
   Summarize the principal findings and contribution of the study and, where appropriate, discuss limitations and directions for future research.

The above structure is indicative rather than mandatory. Qualitative, conceptual, theoretical, review, case-study, methodological, and other article types may follow a different structure suited to the nature and objectives of the work.

Research Methodology

Authors should provide sufficient methodological information to enable editors, reviewers, and readers to assess the rigor, validity, reliability, and appropriateness of the research.

Depending on the nature of the study, relevant information may include:

• Research design and approach
• Population, sample, or data sources
• Data collection procedures
• Measures, instruments, or relevant concepts
• Variable definitions or operationalization, where applicable
• Analytical methods and software, where relevant
• Model specifications or analytical frameworks, where applicable
• Relevant assumptions, limitations, or robustness procedures
• Qualitative coding or interpretive procedures, where applicable
• Treatment of missing, excluded, or incomplete data, where relevant
• Ethical approval, informed consent, or other ethical considerations, where applicable

Authors should ensure that methodological descriptions are sufficiently clear and accurate to support critical evaluation of the research. Claims regarding reproducibility or replicability should be supported by the information and materials made available with the article.

Statistical and Quantitative Reporting

Quantitative research should report statistical analyses with appropriate detail and clarity to enable readers to understand and evaluate the reported findings.

Where relevant, authors should provide information such as

• Sample size and relevant characteristics
• Descriptive statistics
• Statistical estimates and measures of uncertainty
• Effect sizes, where appropriate
• Model specifications and analytical procedures
• Relevant diagnostic or robustness assessments
• Appropriate significance or probability information

The level and form of statistical reporting should be appropriate to the study design and analytical method. Authors should avoid unnecessary statistical detail while providing sufficient information to support the interpretation and evaluation of the findings.

Tables and figures should complement the main text rather than unnecessarily duplicate information presented elsewhere in the manuscript.

Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research

Qualitative studies should clearly explain the research setting, participant or case selection, data-collection procedures, analytical approach, and steps taken to establish credibility and trustworthiness.

Mixed-methods studies should explain why and how the methods are integrated, rather than simply presenting separate quantitative and qualitative components.

References and Citation Style

CPBO uses APA 7th edition for in-text citations and reference lists.

Authors should ensure that:

• all sources cited in the text appear in the reference list
• every reference-list entry is cited in the manuscript;
• references are complete and accurate;
• bibliographic details are verified before submission;
• DOI information is included wherever available;
• DOI links are presented in the https://doi.org/... format;
• recent and relevant scholarly literature is appropriately considered; and
• citations are not used unnecessarily or primarily for self-promotion.

Authors should give particular attention to the accuracy of references because reliable bibliographic metadata supports article discoverability, citation linking, and indexing.

Tables

Tables should:

• be numbered consecutively;
• be cited in the text in numerical order;
• have a concise and informative title;
• contain clearly labelled columns and rows;
• define abbreviations and statistical notation where necessary; and
• be editable rather than supplied as screenshots.
• Should be formatted according to APA, etc

Tables should present information that contributes meaningfully to the article and should not unnecessarily duplicate the text.

Figures

Figures should:

• be numbered consecutively;
• be cited in the text;
• include a clear caption;
• remain legible at publication size;
• use appropriate resolution;
• identify sources where applicable; and
• distinguish clearly between author-created and reproduced material
• Should be formatted according to APA, etc

Authors should use accessible color combinations and ensure that important information is not conveyed by color alone.

Equations and Mathematical Content

Mathematical equations should be prepared using an editable equation editor. Equations should be numbered consecutively where they are referred to elsewhere in the manuscript.

Symbols, variables, and statistical notation should be defined consistently.

Supplementary Materials

Authors may provide supplementary materials that materially support the article, including:

• questionnaires and survey instruments;
• interview protocols;
• coding frameworks;
• additional methodological information;
• supplementary tables and figures;
• datasets or supporting documentation; and
• analytical or research materials where appropriate

Supplementary files should be clearly identified and referenced in the manuscript.

Third-Party Material and Permissions

Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to reproduce copyrighted material that is not covered by applicable exceptions or licenses.

This includes substantial quotations, figures, tables, photographs, instruments, or other material owned by third parties.

The original source must be appropriately acknowledged, and permission documentation should be provided to the journal when requested.

Language and Presentation

Manuscripts should be written in clear academic English and should be understandable to an international scholarly readership.

Authors should avoid unnecessary jargon, unsupported claims, excessive abbreviations, and overly complex sentence structures.

The journal may request language or presentation revisions where deficiencies substantially affect clarity or the assessment of the research.

Manuscript Length

CPBO does not impose a universal maximum length, unless required by reviewers, because appropriate length varies by research design and article type.

Authors should nevertheless present their research concisely and without unnecessary repetition. Manuscripts substantially exceeding the indicative length for their article type may be returned for reduction or clarification before proceeding further in the editorial process.