A Review on Principles of FISH and GISH and its Role in Cytogenetic Study

Abstract

This review article was reviewed at Bahir Dar University College of Agriculture and Environmental science in 2018. A genome can be considered as all the DNA sequences of an organism together. However, we also can see it as all its chromosomes and all its genes. Conventional cytogenetic technique always studies at a particular stage of cell division. Classical cytological studies using chromatin staining still contribute much to the present appreciation of chromosomal diversity in wild species. This approach allows the detection of gross karyotypic alterations such as changes in chromosome number and morphology and gives an overview of chromosome behavior in mitosis and meiosis. However, many recent cytogenetic studies have used FISH to map single cloned or Polymorphic Chain Reaction-amplified sequences to chromosomes or GISH with total genomic DNA probes to identify the parental origin of chromatin in hybrids and allopolyploids. Fluorescence In situ hybridization and Genome In situ hybridization’s role in improving our understanding of interspecific hybridization, and polyploidy, genetic mapping, and plant breeding. These methods also have a role in clarifying patterns of chromatin folding, interphase nuclear organization, and chromatin distribution in different cells of the cell cycle and development. Thus, this review was reviewed to create an understanding of the principles of GISH and FISH and their applications in Cytogenetic study.