Biomarkers of Eco-climatic Changes, Stress and Sustainability of Animal Life on Earth

Abstract

This review article discusses the impact of eco-climatic changes, stress, and the sustainability of animal life on Earth. It emphasizes the rise in greenhouse gases and global temperatures due to increased CO2 emissions from fossil fuels, agriculture, and industrial waste. These factors lead to global warming, altered rainfall patterns, and extreme weather, which negatively affect the survival of key life systems. Climate change is disrupting symbiotic relationships and intensifying harmful interactions. Higher temperatures cause glacier and ice sheet melting, forest fires, and water disruptions, resulting in droughts and floods due to reduced rainfall. The article examines the consequences of temperature changes in freshwater ecology, marine ecology, and agriculture. Rising temperatures influence pollinator behaviour, animal metabolism, and food availability, leading to increased predator populations, food shortages, and habitat loss. Heat stress and dehydration are significant risks for
animals, resulting in health issues. It also highlights the rise in waterborne diseases due to water scarcity and poor sanitation. This article describes the effects of change on freshwater, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and their fauna. It emphasized the effect of rising temperatures on animal physiology, mainly migration, animal communication, reproductive behaviour, and parental care. The article suggests moving away from fossil fuels and adopting eco-friendly practices, including banning deforestation, promoting tree planting, and conserving forests and wildlife. To lower carbon emissions, people are encouraged to use less, recycle, and embrace a simpler lifestyle. Animals used in farming and transportation can also help reduce emissions.