Environmental Sustainability in Post-Harvest Handling Systems in Nigeria: A Review of Challenges and Innovative Solutions

Abstract

Post-harvest losses in Nigeria, estimated at 30–50%, threaten food security, agricultural productivity, and smallholder farmers' incomes. These losses lead to resource waste, greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and environmental degradation, exacerbating climate change impacts. This review examines the environmental challenges in Nigeria’s post-harvest handling systems and identifies innovative, sustainable solutions. Factors such as inadequate infrastructure, lack of modern preservation technologies, inefficient logistics, weak policy enforcement, and limited awareness among farmers contribute to unsustainable practices. These challenges exacerbate environmental degradation and reduce agricultural efficiency. To address these issues, the review presents solutions such as solar-powered cold rooms and dryers, biodegradable packaging, improved transportation networks, cold chain logistics, and organic waste recycling. Digital tools and mobile platforms are also emerging to optimize supply chains, reduce market inefficiencies, and minimize waste. The review emphasizes the critical role of policy and institutional frameworks in supporting green technologies, building stakeholder capacity, and fostering public-private partnerships. Strengthening policy implementation, investing in research and infrastructure, and promoting farmer education are key steps toward a sustainable post-harvest handling system. In conclusion, tackling environmental impacts requires a holistic approach combining technological innovation, supportive policies, and behavioral change. This review highlights the importance of integrating sustainability into all aspects of post-harvest handling to protect the environment, enhance food security, and improve farmers' livelihoods in Nigeria.